Forensic toxicology plays a crucial role in criminal investigations. These skilled professionals examine bodily fluids and tissues to detect the presence of harmful substances. Their expertise frequently help determine the cause of death, provide insight potential foul play, and ultimately support law enforcement in bringing to justice complex case

Before current methods for element arrangement, scientists attempted to organize the known elements. One early attempt was made by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a German chemist who observed a striking pattern among certain groups of chemicals. He proposed that three elements with similar characteristics could be grouped together as a triad, forming